Here's an idea: John McCain is running a virtue ethics political campaign.

     Virtue ethics holds that "doing the right thing" is not determined by evaluating the consequences of specific actions or decisions (consequentialism), nor is it a matter of the unvarying application of universal moral rules (deontology); it is a function of the discernment, practical wisdom and good intentions of virtuous individuals. To put it simply, perhaps too simply, a virtue ethicist would rely less on cost/benefit calculations or general principles, but would invoke a more general sense of good judgment that has been cultivated by a life-long commitment to moral living, and which would accept a more flexible and contextual definition of what "the right thing" is.  The implicit moral relativism of virtue ethics is limited (though not wholly counteracted) but a certain faith that the well meaning individual will conscientiously discover the right thing.  For those keeping score at home, there is a significant argument of late that Confucianism can be understood as a form of virtue ethics.  

    What does this have to do with politics?  It seems to me that most public political discourse in the US, especially campaign rhetoric, involves all three ethical perspectives: candidates give us consequentialist arguments about how the policies they will enact will have beneficial effects; they also assure us, in a deontolocial fashion, that they will stick to certain principles; and they additionally contend that they possess "character," reminiscent of virtue ethics.  Some politicians may emphasize one approach over another.  But McCain seems to be highlighting the virtue ethics thing more than usual.

    His convention speech, and what seems to be the tenor of his campaign of late, has jettisoned consequentialism.  He's not talking about specific policies; one of his campaign managers blurted out that, "… "This election is not about issues."  And if it is not about issues, then policy outcomes are irrelevant.

    McCain also shies away from articulating clear, universalizable principles.  He hews to the anti-abortion line, but he does not emphasize it.  He does not talk much about God, a possible source of core principles.  Even his foreign policy does not fit neatly into any particular theoretical category: he is neither a consistent "realist" nor a steadfast "neocon" (though I suspect he leans more to the latter of late). 

    What he has been doing recently is reminding us that he was a POW and how that experience forged his character and judgment.  He is asking us to look not at his policy positions, which might open up to a consequentialist evaluation, nor at some set of unchanging principles, which would encourage a deontological analysis, but, rather, he is asking us to simply trust him, trust that his discernment and wisdom will yield right choices whatever the particular context.

    That might work (I hope it doesn't!).  But to make his case he will have to continually divert our attention from those aspects of his experience that call into question his judgment and wisdom.  Things like his shabby treatment of his first wife (family relationships are included in the virtues that must be cultivated and enacted); or his "poor judgment" in the case of the Keating Five (this linked article is by a conservative ideologist who opposed McCain in 2001 but supports him today); or his infamous reliance on lobbyists.  

    Virtue ethics, like Confucianism, demands consistent and conscientious commitment to right action.  It also recognizes that people are imperfect, mistakes will be made.  But John McCain's ethical failings undermine his claim to having exceptional moral character.  Even if it is tricky to question the virtue of a POW, the democrats should confront McCain head on and remind the world that he's not so special morally.  Maybe that might even force him to get back to campaigning on policy issues…but that might be asking too much of a man, and a political party, that has little to bring to that kind of discussion.

Sam Crane Avatar

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3 responses to “The Politics of Virtue Ethics”

  1. Chris Avatar

    An interesting post, Sam. I see your point, but I don’t think that, on the whole, there’s much virtue ethical about his campaign.
    First, the most obvious example in your favor is his reliance on the importance of his POW experience as a foundation of his character. This has virtue ethical aspects to it, for sure. He’s suggesting that his character and experience provide him with the necessary ground for the kind of practical judgment (phronesis, or “yi” for Confucius perhaps) a ruler needs. Most politicians do this, however — Obama has tried to assure us that he too has practical wisdom, by pointing to things in his past biography.
    Second, McCain’s campaign manager, in stating that the election is not about issues, but “personalities” isn’t pointing us towards honest character assessment — he’s pointing us towards likability, and the two aren’t the same. It’s about whether we see ourselves in the candidate (identity politics of one source or another). Look at the Palin choice: clearly she wasn’t chosen because of her obvious abundance of yi; she was chosen because her (a) stance on certain issues is fundamentalist and (b) because her personality appeals to a certain demographic. Nothing character driven in that choice. Moreover, McCain, in choosing Palin, demonstrated a massive lack of yi. No virtues there; people called it a “maverick” choice, but it wasn’t courageous, it was rash. It wasn’t thoughtful, it was reckless. From a virtue ethical point of view, McCain demonstrated a whole assortment of vices here. Note also, that by “likability” they meant “we’re going to go negative against Obama”. Going negative against your opponent is not virtue ethical because it shows nothing about your own character. If anything, it detracts from it.
    Third, I don’t think, other than in a superficial way, his rejection of firm stances on this or that policy makes his campaign virtue ethical either. True, a VE might reject the suggestion that there are core unassailable principles that one must not deviate from (think 4.10 from the Analects). But this wouldn’t stop a person from speaking generally, and McCain even refuses to do that. Moreover, one might point out, virtue ethical commitments to context specificity (in discerning what is yi, say) would seem to err on the side of, for one, the permissibility of abortion. A virtue ethicist might well say that up front (as Obama has). Whether an abortion in a specific case stems from practical wisdom cannot be discerned beforehand; it must be left up to the virtues of those in the situation (in which case some will make vicious decisions, and some virtuous ones). But McCain wasn’t about to say that, was he?
    He doesn’t want to talk about policy because he’s committed to the realism of situations and context, he doesn’t want to do it because he has nothing to say. Voting for a person of practical wisdom shouldn’t be like voting for someone from whom one would have no expectations at all how they would vote. It would just mean that only regularities of action should be expected, not sheer determinism (action following rigidly from some rule).
    A quick example, too, of something McCain does not do in his avoidance of policy. A VE candidate could point to the past and talk about how this or that policy decision is clear evidence of the virtues of the person who implemented it, or of how it was a clear sign of being a product of practical wisdom. The more of these you get, the better a sense of McCain you get, and of his own practical wisdom. I didn’t see much of that either. Whenever policy was mentioned, I heard bromides. Not very virtue ethical.
    This is controversial, but I’m not sure I agree with you that VE is committed to “right action”. I think they are committed to the development of right character, and right action springs from this. That said, you rightly point out that McCain is hardly committed to right character, so even by my analysis he’s left right action twisting in the wind in any event. Maybe he was at some point in the past (maybe), but he isn’t anymore.

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  2. Sam Avatar

    Chris,
    I’m most happy that someone with a deeper understanding of virtue ethics than I has weighed in on this. Thanks.
    I agree that likability is not VE. But the point I was trying to make is that by jettisoning consequentialism and deontology, McCain is, by default as it were, creating more of a VE campaign than is usually the case. And I think this opens him up to effective critique for precisely the kinds of reasons you adduce. Among other things, the Palin pick undermines the claim to Yi.

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  3. Chris Avatar

    Sam,
    I certainly agree that it opens them up to exactly those criticisms (mine and the ones you point out). I think I just resist the suggestion that it “is” a VE campaign by default because it isn’t a D or C one (that’s a quibble, though). Still, I see what you mean — by avoiding policy consequences or principle-oriented discussion, they’ve made it about “people” (not necessarily about character). In ethics talk, it’s not about rules or states of affairs, but about agents (and VE is seen as falling under that latter description).
    At best, perhaps, they are trying (sincerely) to run a VE campaign. If so, they are woefully coming up short. At worst, though, and this is what I actually think, they aren’t trying to do this — instead, they’ve simply ceded the field to the kind of cynical “do whatever works” thinking to secure the win, regardless of (a) whether it is virtuous, (b) whether it results in the best consequences overall, or (c) whether it is in accord with right principles.
    If anything, they simply embraced a form of ethical egoism.

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